Name _______________________________ Date ________ Section _____

 

  1. Define / describe each of the following terms as they relate to microbiology:
    1. Metabolism
    2. Catabolism
    3. Anabolism

 

  1. What is an enzyme?  What sort of chemicals are enzymes made of?

 

 

  1. Distinguish between the make-up of an apoenzyme and a holoenzyme.

 

 

 

  1. What is “energy of activation”?

 

 

 

  1. How do enzymes affect reactions they catalyze?

 

 

 

  1. Distinguish a cofactor from a coenzyme.

 

 

  1. Define / describe each of the following terms as they relate to enzyme activity
    1. Active (catalytic) site
    2. Regulatory site
    3. Exoenzymes
    4. Endoenzymes
    5. Constitutive enzymes
    6. Inducible enzymes

 

  1. Regarding enzyme activities describe the results of each of the following different kinds of enzyme-catalyzed reactions:
    1. Synthesis (anabolic) reactions
    2. Hydrolysis (catabolic) reactions
    3. Transfer reactions
    4. Exchange reactions

 

 

 

 

  1. Metabolic pathways:

 

    1. What is a “reaction pathway” (a.k.a. metabolic pathway)?

 

 

    1. Using simple flow diagrams (arrows) draw the four main types of metabolic pathways involved in cell metabolism.

 

 

 

 

  1.   Define / describe each of the following terms with regard to energy flow in cellular chemical reactions.
    1. Energy
    2. Work
    3. Exergonic reaction
    4. Endergonic reaction

 

  1.   List five different forms of energy
    1.  
    2.  
    3.  
    4.  
    5.  

12.  Enzyme reactions are said to be “self regulating”.  Considering the mechanisms by which they do this:

            a. Describe two different mechanisms that involve action directly affecting the enzyme molecule per se.

                        1.

 

                        2.

 

            b. Describe two different mechanisms that involve action other than affecting the enzyme molecule directly.

                        1.

 

                        2.

 

13.  Redox reactions involve the movement of electrons from an electron donorto an electron acceptor.  With regard to chemical reactions define / describe each of the following terms:

            a. Oxidation

            b. Reduction

            c. Relate each of these terms to the mnemonic “Leo the lion goes ger”.

 14.  Electron carriers are special molecules (usually coenzymes) than can load and unload electrons and hydrogens through metabolic pathways until they reach a “final acceptor” of electrons.  List five electron carriers and briefly describe where they function in the energy flow pathways of a cell, respectively.

            a.

 

            b.

 

            c.

 

            d.

 

            e.

 

15.  ATP is a universal energy carrier found in all cells.  List the three major molecular components that comprise a molecule of ATP.

            a.

 

            b.

 

            c.

 

16.  List three different processes which can form ATP from ADP (hint: different kinds of phosphorylation)

            a.

 

            b.

 

            c.

 

17.  List the three main coupled pathways that comprise primary catabolism for energy release from molecular fuel in cells.

 

            a.

 

            b.

 

            c.

 

18.  Some texts imply that Pyruvic acid enters the Krebs cycle (a.k.a. TCA, Citric Acid Cycle) directly, but this is not actually the case.  Describe what must happen to Pyruvic acid before it (actually part of it) can enter the Krebs cycle.